One to domain shines given that an excellent recombinational wasteland. No CO otherwise gene transformation skills try thought in a more or less eight hundred kb area related both linked gender dedication family genes, csd and you can fem (Even more file step one: Shape S14). We advise that, since heterozygosity of csd establishes the brand new sex regarding honeybee [56,57] and you will diploid homozygotes was sterile people, gene sales contained in this website name would-be disadvantageous. Since the gene conversion process try associated each other which have CO and you may NCO situations, the recombination is going to be abolished to quit homogenization. An absence of recombination along with pushes the 2 loci to do something since the just one haplotype.

The effects really stands from inside the hitting compare so you’re able to an earlier claim that discovered acutely high CO cost in the vicinity of the brand new csd locus. A potential solution of your own inconsistent says is that whilst in brand new instant vicinity of one’s family genes there is absolutely no recombination, this will be counterbalanced because of the oddly higher cost in the covers proximal on desert. A lesser resolution investigation manage choose the better pricing throughout the Pomona California hookup spans. In keeping with it i to see a leading height away from recombination inside the the fresh new immediate area of your own plateau (Most file step 1: Shape S14).

Dialogue

Our very own investigation increase the understanding you to definitely societal hymenoptera features each other high and you may very changeable crossing-more costs. In fact, the speed varied between 0 and you may 197 cM/Mb when mentioned inside non-overlapping two hundred kb window across chromosomes (Shape step three, Profile S8 for the Most file step one and Desk S6 for the A lot more document dos), indicating brand new very uneven shipment of crossovers throughout the genome. New shape away from 37 cM/Mb, while high to own animals, has been below one to viewed for some fungi and you may protozoans, where pricing more than sixty cM/Mb are reported . To the good our very own degree, brand new imagine indicates a top crossing-more than speed than noticed in people bush otherwise animal.

A reduced NCO gene rate of conversion

While our study finds evidence consistent with several theoretical predictions, cause and effect are always hard to disentangle from correlation alone. For example, in principle the diversity/crossing-over coupling is also consistent with the notion that crossing over occurs preferentially in domains of high diversity and with the notion that crossing over is mutagenic . Similarly, the correlation between recombination rate and GC content is consistent with both the possibility that crossing over forces a high GC content and with the possibility that a high GC content favors increased crossing over. The conventional wisdom holds that recombination forces heteroduplexes within which mismatches require resolution. If this resolution is biased towards G and C residues (biased gene conversion), then a correlation between GC and recombination rate is expected . Previous analyses in honey bee have demonstrated fixation biases toward GC in high recombination parts of the genome . Evidence to support this direction for the causal arrow requires SNP analysis showing a bias to AT- > GC SNPs being fixed (or otherwise favored) compared to GC- > AT SNPs at sites of recombination. The key events here are most probably crossover-associated gene conversion events, but for these we cannot determine the direction of conversion and we are likely to be missing the majority of them. In our identified NCO events, if u is the number of AT > GC SNPs per A or T and v is the number of GC > AT SNPs per G or C, then the ratio of u/v is 1.06, which is slightly greater than the null (from stochastic simulations with 10,000 repeats: P <0.08). Being on the edge of significance, we cannot robustly say that NCO is or is not associated with GC-biased gene conversion.